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kalij pheasant
The kalij pheasant (''Lophura leucomelanos'') is a pheasant found in forests and thickets, especially in the Himalayan foothills, from the Himalayas of Nepal to western Thailand. Males are rather variable depending on the subspecies involved, but all have an at least partially glossy bluish-black plumage, while females are overall brownish. Both sexes have a bare red face and greyish legs (the latter separating it from the red-legged silver pheasant).〔McGowan, P. J. K. (1994). Kalij Pheasant (''Lophura leucomelanos''). pp. 533 in: del Hoyo, J, A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal (1994). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World''. Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edictions. ISBN 84-87334-15-6〕 It is generally common and widespread, though three of its eastern subspecies (''oatesi'', ''lineata'' and ''crawfurdi'') are considered threatened and ''moffitti'' is virtually unknown in the wild.〔
The name is also spelt kaleege in old texts, such as ''Game Birds of India and Asia'' by Frank Finn,〔Finn, F. (1911?). ''(Game Birds of India and Asia )''.〕 though no longer in his ''Indian Sporting Birds''.〔Finn, F. (1915). ''(Indian Sporting Birds )''.〕 It has also been introduced to Hawaii, where it is considered an invasive species because it consumes and disperses seeds of invasive plant species.
==Taxonomy==
The kalij pheasant is closely related to the silver pheasant and the two are known to hybridize.〔MacKinnon, J., & K. Phillipps (2000). ''A Field Guide to the Birds of China.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854940-7〕 The placement of the taxa ''lineata'' and ''crawfurdi'' has been a matter of dispute, with some treating them as subspecies of the kalij pheasant〔 and others as subspecies of the silver pheasant.〔McGowan, P. J. K., A. L. Panchen (1994). ''Plumage variation and geographical distribution in the Kalij and Silver Pheasants.'' Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 114: 113-123.〕 They have greyish legs as in the kalij pheasant, but their plumage is closer to that of some subspecies of the silver pheasant. Additionally, as the silver pheasant, ''lineata'' and ''crawfurdi'' are found east of the Irrawaddy River, a major zoogeographic barrier, while all other subspecies of the kalij pheasant are found west of the river (''oatesi'', a subspecies of the kalij pheasant, has sometimes been reported as occurring east of that river,〔 but this is incorrect〔Robson, C. (2000). ''A Field Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia.'' New Holland Publishers. ISBN 1-85368-313-2〕). Based on mtDNA, it was recently confirmed that ''lineata'' and ''crawfurdi'' should be regarded as subspecies of the kalij pheasant.〔Moulin, S., E. Randi, C. Tabarroni, & A. Hennache (2003). ''Mitochondrial DNA diversification among the subspecies of the Silver and Kalij Pheasants, Lophura nycthemera and L. leucomelanos, Phasianidae.'' Ibis 145: E1-E11〕
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